The Manipulation Of Immunoglobulin Architecture Essay

Immunoglobulins, produced by B-lymphocytes, are the chief go-betweens of humoral unsusceptibility, and lacks at this degree affect the organic structure ‘s response to infection. The use of Ig position in the intervention of human diseases consists of two chief paths that have the intent to augment the concentration and alter Ig in the affected host. On one manus lies the external disposal of human Ig in patients that are wholly lacking or compromised and are considered to profit widely from an endovenous extract. The other is the use of immunoglobulin production via indirect immunisation ( inoculation ) that forces the human organic structure to bring forth a series of Igs that are antigen specific for the peculiar antigen administered via the inoculation path. Immunosupression ( i.e. the lowering of the innate immune response ) has been widely used in malignant neoplastic disease therapeutics and is discussed last.IV ADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN ( inactive immunisation )T he U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) have approved endovenous auxiliary Ig interventions for a series of chiseled diseases such as: primary immunodeficiency, immune-mediated thrombopenia, Kawasaki disease, hematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( in patients & A ; gt ; 20 old ages ) , chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukaemia, and HIV in kids. However, Ig merchandises which are chiefly unfertile, purified Ig G ( IgG ) derived from a pool of givers ( normally 3,000-10,000 ) are besides normally used throughout the universe for the intervention of assorted other diseases such as idiopathic diseases ( unknown cause diseases such as perennial abortions ) and infections. The curative usage of Ig IV interventions consists chiefly of supplying with an increased protection versus infection for immunocompromised patients, may besides assist prevent patients with Kawasaki disease from developing coronary arteria aneurism or increase the figure of thrombocytes in patients who have life endangering idiopathic thrombopenia peliosis ( ITP ) and prolong sustaining of transplants in graft surgery ( Shehata et al, 2010 ) . However, the fact that the Ig is gathered through a pool of givers, poses a important infection menace to the infused persons. Although the hazard for HIV and Hepatitis B transmittal remains low due chiefly to obligatory proving since 1995, the hazard for acquisition of several other viruses and bacteriums, or even smaller life signifiers such as prions and mycoplasma is considered important ( Carbone, 2007 ) . Furthermore, the transfused Ig is non 100 % pure, since it frequently contains little sums of cytokines, CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) . All the above blood merchandises are known to bring forth and rarefy a important inflammatory reaction to the infused host, and presently the effects caused by these by merchandises of Ig interventions is non sufficiently elucidated. IgG has a half life in the circulation of about 21 yearss, so endovenous extracts of about 600 milligrams of IgG per kilogram organic structure weight given every 3 to 4 hebdomads maintain an IgG degree of about 500 mg/dl ( about 50 % of degrees in healthy grownups ( Quartier,1999 ) . Activation of inflammatory tracts by the extract procedure ( extract related reaction ) or by composites formed by antibody adhering within the receiver host seems a likely mechanism for the inauspicious effects mentioned above. The rate and badness of reactions to endovenous preparations of IgG are greatly reduced by decelerating the rate of extract and by administrating a prophylaxis with paracetamol and an antihistamine. However, its usage is still non accepted in many instances with the illustration of a Cochrane Systematic Review ( Ohlsson, 2010 ) that has late concluded that there is still deficient grounds to back up the everyday disposal of IVIG in babies with suspected or later proved neonatal infection. For instances such as primary lack where immunoglobulins act as replacing therapy and are perfectly indispensable for endurance, new IVIGs have been developed such as the Flebogamma 5 % IVIG intervention ( Ballow, 2009 ) , which is considered to further heighten the pathogen safety border due to pasteurisation and pore microfiltration.InoculationRecent progresss in inoculation include the betterment of viral-vector vaccinums that nowadays remain the best agencies to bring on cellular unsusceptibility and are demoing promise for the initiation of strong humoral responses. Targets range from certain types of malignant neoplastic disease to a huge array of infective diseases ( Draper and Heeney, 2010 ) . The chief job with this design is that the innate immune system readily recognises the viruses and viral vectors used in the vaccinum readying that renders this means insecure for wider usage, such as cistron therapy ( Huang, 2009 ) . The outgrowth of biological stuffs that can impact the immune system is a underdeveloped field aboard immunology. These stuffs can present antigens through specific intracellular tracts, leting tight control of the manner antigen presentation to T cells. Materials are besides being designed as adjuvants, to mime specific ‘hazardous ‘ signals in order to pull strings the attendant cytokine environment, which influences how antigens are farther interpreted by T cells. The development of contraceptive vaccinums against human papilomavirus has been hailed as one of the most important progresss of recent old ages by most communities and research workers and it is expected to dramatically cut down the mortality in HPV associated cervical and anal malignant neoplastic diseases, but has besides given rise to strict scientific argument ( Hampl, 2009 ) .IDIOTYPE VACCINATIONIn hematologic malignances, the spread of usage of a different type of inoculation is idiotype B-cell inoculation. Each patient ‘s B-cell malignance is normally derived from a individual expanded B-cell ringer, which expresses an Ig ( Ig ) with a alone idiotype ( Id, variable parts of Ig ) . Therefore, this idiotype can be regarded as possible mark in clinical malignant neoplastic disease inoculation attacks against the clonal B cell line. Currently it is a non-approved, experimental curative option for patients with lymphoma and myeloma. The pertinence of Id vaccinums for B-cell malignances such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma demands to be farther tested ( Inoges, 2010 ) .OTHER TYPES OF IMMUNOMODULATIONSystemic immunomodulation, besides known as accessory therapy, has been a intervention mode in a assortment of clinical diseases to hike the immune response even though the antigens are non ever known or are sick defined. Systemic immunomodulation often consequences in unwelcome effects, most notably autoimmune disease activation.The therapies include:InterferonIn the past several decennaries, IFN has emerged as a major curative mode for several malignant and non-malignant diseases, including hepatitis C, carcinoid tumours, hairy cell leukaemia, and Kaposi ‘s sarcoma. However, apart from the broad side-effect scope profile, IFN is besides found to bring on autoimmune responses with the production of autoantibodies chiefly autoimmune thyroid disease ( ATD ) and thyroiditis ( Kong et al, 2009 ) , ( Tomer, 2007 ) .Interleukin-2IL-2 is used for the intervention of metastatic melanoma. Similar to IFN, IL-2 has been reported to bring on the development of several autoimmune conditions, most notably ATD.Flt3 ligandTo heighten the immune response to a peptide vaccinum derived from a household member of human cuticular growing factor receptor ( Her-2/rat neu ) in prostate malignant neoplastic disease patients, human recombinant flt3 ligand, a growth/differentiation stimulator for dendritic cells, is used as a systemic adjuvant. It is unknown whether the Flt3 ligand can besides bring on autoimmunity.MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIESMonoclonal antibodies ( MoAbs ) have been introduced for the intervention of assorted malignant neoplastic diseases, and their ability to adhere to any specific mark within the organic structure is so used favorably in therapeutics to direct an immune response against the binding tissue site. A recent reappraisal has found little to no infective complications to their usage in ass orted types of malignances, although allogeneic in nature ( Rafailidis et al, 2007 ) .MentionsBallow M. Clinical experience with Flebogamma 5 % DIF: a new coevals of endovenous Igs in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Sep ; 157 Suppl 1:22-5 Carbone J. Adverse reactions and pathogen safety of endovenous Ig. Curr Drug Saf. 2007 Jan ; 2 ( 1 ) :9-18. Draper SJ, Heeney JL. Viruses as vaccinum vectors for infective diseases and malignant neoplastic disease. Nat Rev Microbiol.2010 Jan ; 8 ( 1 ) :62-73. Hampl M. Prevention of human villoma virus-induced preneoplasia and malignant neoplastic disease by contraceptive HPV vaccinums. Minerva Med. 2007 Apr ; 98 ( 2 ) :121-30. Hartung HP, Mouthon L, Ahmed R, Jordan S, Laupland KB, Jolles S. Clinical applications of endovenous Igs ( IVIg ) — beyond immunodeficiencies and neurology. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Dec ; 158 Suppl 1:23-33 Huang X, Yang Y. Innate immune acknowledgment of viruses and viral vectors. Hum Gene Ther. 2009 Apr ; 20 ( 4 ) :293-301. Hubbell JA, Thomas SN, Swartz MA. Materials technology for immunomodulation. immunotherapy to immune dysregulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jan ; 1183:222-36. Inoges S, de Cerio AL, Soria E, Villanueva H, Pastor F, Bendandi M. Idiotype vaccinums for human B-cell malignances. Curr Pharm Des. 2010 ; 16 ( 3 ) :300-7 Kereiakes D. , J.Essell, C.Abbottsmith, T.Broderick, J.Runyon ( 2010 ) Abciximab-associated profound thrombopenia: Therapy with Ig and thrombocyte transfusion The American Journal of Cardiology, Volume 78, Issue 10, Pages 1161-1163 Kong YC, Wei WZ, Tomer Y. Opportunistic autoimmune upsets: from Nature. 2009 Nov 26 ; 462 ( 7272 ) :449-60. Ohlsson A, Lacy J. Intravenous Ig for suspected or later proved infection in newborns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17 ; 3: CD001239 Quartier P, Debre M, de Blic J, et Al. Early and drawn-out Ig replacing therapy in childhood agammaglobulinemia: a retrospective study of 31 patients. J Pediatr 1999 ; 134:589-595. Rafailidis PI, Kakisi OK, Vardakas K, Falagas ME. Infectious complications of monoclonal antibodies used in malignant neoplastic disease therapy: a systematic reappraisal of the grounds from randomized controlled tests. Cancer.2007 Jun ; 109 ( 11 ) :2182. Shehata N, Palda V, Bowen T, Haddad E, Issekutz TB, Mazer B, Schellenberg R, Warrington R, Easton D, Anderson D, Hume H. The usage of Ig therapy for patients with primary immune lack: an evidence-based pattern guideline. Transfus Med Rev. 2010 Jan ; 24 Suppl 1: S28-50. Shehata N, Palda VA, Meyer RM, Blydt-Hansen TD, Campbell P, Cardella C, Martin S, Nickerson P, Peltekian K, Ross H, Waddell TK, West L, Anderson D, Freedman J, Hume H. The usage of Ig therapy for patients undergoing solid organ organ transplant: an evidence-based pattern guideline. Transfus Med Rev. 2010 Jan ; 24 Suppl 1: S7-S27.

How Does the Story Encourage the Reader to Admire Scheherazade? Essay

The author in the story uses many linguistic devices such as metaphor, superlatives, similes and strong adjectives to encourage the reader to admire Scheherazade. The author uses superlatives to set up the story such as he describes Scheherazade’s beauty â€Å"Excelled that of any girl in the Kingdom of Persia. This gives the story a background of extreme power and amazing people; an exotic world with a powerful romantic appeal. Scheherazade’s character has described well in a sentence. Her description has been given in such a way that the readers are made to admire Scheherazade, like â€Å"her sister was clever and courageous in the highest degree†. This also gives the readers hope that she could be the one to stop the Sultan’s â€Å"barbarous practice†. Her beauty has been said to have â€Å"Excelled that of any girl in the Kingdom of Persia† which makes the readers think that she was the most sought woman in Persia. The author proves Scheherazade intelligence and cleverness to the readers when Scheherazade married the Sultan as she was determined to stop the â€Å"barbarous practice†. She tricked the Sultan by telling fascinating stories and letting the Sultan postpone the execution to continue Scheherazade’s fascinating story. The author’s use of adjectives in describing Scheherazade has helped him to make the readers believe in Scheherazade. Scheherazade has showed herself to be of high principles as she said â€Å"I am determined to stop this barbarous practice†. This shows how the readers admire Scheherazade. Read more:  Describe a person you admire essay

Bone and Joint Histology

* It is a specialised connective tissue. * Osteogenic cells ⇒ osteoblast (makes matrix, active when young, and after fracture) ⇒ osteocyte ⇒ osteoclast (functions in resorption, breakdown of bone matrix) (makes cavities) (from blood monocyte) Bone Functions * Framework for support of the skeleton * Protection: brain, spinal cord, lungs and heart * Levers for muscles attached to them via tendons * Reservoir for minerals e.g. calcium, magnesium, phosphates etc. Bone Matrix * Components * Extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibres) consists of inorganic material (65%) e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, fluoride, citrate, sulfate, and hydroxide. * Minerals give bone hardness and rigidity * Organic component (35%) mostly type I collagen (95%)- gives bone slight flexibility; and ground substance e.g. GAGs with proteoglycans, which contain chondroitin and keratin sulfates which give bone resilience * Development 1. Bone starts as osteoid, which is collagen and GAG’s with no minerals 2. Bone becomes mineralised (immature, primary, or woven bone). It is the first bone to appear in development and in repair after fractures 3. Bone starts to remodel as the adult form (mature, secondary, lamellar) Bone Cells 1. Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells: from embryonic mesenchyme, which differentiate into osteoblasts. Found in inner cellular layer of the periosteum, lining Haversian canals, in the endosteum (lining medullary cavity) 2. Osteoblasts: derived from osteoprogenitor cells, form and grow new bone by synthesis of organic components of bone matrix. Found on the surfaces of existing bone tissue where they deposit new bone matrix (osteoid) which contains no minerals. Later mineralization occurs, tissue is new bone. Osteoblasts extend processes with neighbouring osteoblasts for molecular transport. Sit on the edge of bone. 3. Osteocytes: flat cells with small cytoplasmic processes. Aid in the maintenance of bone tissue and storage of minerals. Each osteoblast becomes surrounded by secreted matrix, once this occurs, the cell is known as an osteocyte (mature bone cell), and the space it occupies is a lacuna. Radiating out in all directions from the lacuna are tunnel-like spaces (canaliculi) which house the cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes. The canaliculi allow transfer of nutrients, wastes between the osteocytes and blood. They are very active cells. Communicate via cytoplasmic processes in the canaliculi, metabolic communication. 4. Osteoclasts: large motile, multinucleated cells (150 um diameter) which contain up to 50 nuclei. These cells break up and resorb bone. Osteoclasts occupy shallow depressions (Howship’s lacunae). The ruffled border (infolded plasma membrane) is that part of the cell that is directly involved in the resorption of bone. It removes bone enzymatically, mineral deficiencies then the osteoclasts become active to release the minerals that have been stored in bone, hence the person becomes fracture prone. The multinuclear nature of the osteoclasts is a good identifying factor Periosteum and Endosteum * Vascular, fibrous layer surrounds bone except over articular surfaces. * 2 layers * Outer layer is collagen with some elastic fibres. This layer distributes vascular and nerve supply to bone. * Inner layer is cellular (osteogenic layer, osteoprogenitor cells), gives rise to new bone. * Central cavity of bone is lined with endosteum- thin CT composed of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. * From the outer layer of periosteum, fine bundles of collagenous fibres (Sharpey’s) penetrate the underlying bone at intervals to attach the periosteum, especially at the sites of attachment of tendons and ligaments. * The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and ligament and tendon attachments. Mature bone Organisation * Dense (compact) at the edge * This type has Haversian systems (osteons) which is a complex of 4- 20 concentric, bony circular lamellae surrounding a central (Haversian) canal (20- 100 ÃŽ ¼m diameter) * The canal contains blood vessels, lymphatics, with a few unmyelinated nerve fibres, loose CT and flattened osteogenic cells and osteoblast cells that line the lumen of the canal * Osteocytes are in lacunae (in the concentric lamellae) located within or between the lamellae * A second arrangement of lamellae is found between the osteons (interstitial lamellae- formed by the collapse of old Haversian systems). These are remnants of older, partially resorbed Haversian systems. * A third arrangement (circumferential lamellae) are rings of bone around the entire bone, beneath the periosteum * Radiating from the lacunae are tiny channels (canaliculi). Processes of the osteocytes enter these canals and communicate with adjacent osteocytes where an exchange of gases occurs, nutrients are supplied to the cells and metabolic wastes are eliminated. * The Haversian canals communicate with the marrow cavity, the periosteum and with each other via the transverse Volkmann’s canals, which run at right angles to the long axis of the bone. Each osteon has a cement line of calcified ground substance with some collagen fibres. * Spongy (Cancelllous Bone): * This type is not organised into Haversian systems but is a meshwork of thin bars (lamellae) or trabeculae of bone lining the marrow cavity * The spaces within this latticework are filled with bone marrow. The trabeculae house osteocytes in lacunae that are fed by diffusion from the marrow cavity. Blood and Nerve Supply * Bones have periosteal vessels, which penetrate the bone of the diaphysis of long bones and divide into branches that enter the Haversian systems. These vessels supply the osteocytes embedded in the calcified matrix. * Larger vessels pierce the epiphysis to supply the spongy bone and the midshaft to supply the medullary cavity. * Small myelinated and unmyelinated nerves go into the Haversian canals. * The periosteum contains many pain fibres which makes it sensitive to injury e.g. blow to the tibia Bone Development and Growth Histogenesis (differentiation) * Bone development is mesodermal in origin and if the tissue is membrane like (a sheet of mesenchyme or loose CT), it is intramembranous bone formation * If bone replaces cartilage that is largely resorbed before bone is formed, this is endochondral (intracartilaginous) bone development. Intramembranous Bone formation * The process involves mesenchyme to bone directly (osteoblast laying bone) * Locations: flat bones, e.g. the skull, mandible, clavicle Endochondral bone formation * The process in this type of bone formation occurs in 2 steps: 1. A miniature hyaline cartilage model is formed in the region where the bone is to grow within the embryo 2. The cartilage model grows appositionally and interstitially and serves as a structural scaffold for bone development. It is then resorbed and replaced by bone (all the cartilage is replaced by bone) * Locations: long, short bones, pelvis and vertebrae Developing bone region at epiphyseal plate * Area between shaft and epiphysis is the epiphyseal plate. * Proliferation occurs at the epiphyseal aspect and replacement by bone takes place at the diaphyseal side of the plate * Growth at both ends of the bone is hormone regulated * There are a series of 5 zones beginning at the centre of the disc and go towards the diaphysis: 1. Zone of reserve cartilage (resting zone) : chondrocytes through the matrix are mitotically active producing hyaline cartilage 2. Zone of proliferation: chondrocytes proliferate and form stacks of cells that parallel the direction of bone growth. (Cartilage dies- lose blood cells- hence the bone invades the space) 3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy (Expanding): chondrocytes mature, hypertrophy and accumulate glycogen in their cytoplasm. No mitosis occurs 4. Zone of calcification and cell death: Chondrocytes die and the cartilage matrix becomes calcified impregnated with calcium and phosphorus 5. Zone of ossification: blood vessels invade spaces left by the dying chondrocytes carrying osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and differentiate into osteoblasts which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. As the matrix calcifies, some osteoblasts are entrapped as osteocytes and bone trabeculae are formed. Coalescence of trabeculae creates spongy bone. Resorption of spongy bone by osteoclasts in the centre of the diaphysis enlarges the medullary cavity. Summary of histochemical processes for both models of bone formation * Osteoblasts secrete osteoid with no minerals * Formation of primary bone whereby osteoid is mineralized * Formation of secondary bone as compact or spongy bone Growth in length of long bone * Due to interstitial growth of epiphyseal cartilage * Growth continues until around 20 when the epiphyseal plate closes (cartilage is replaced by bone) and growth in length stops Growth in width of long bone * As a result of appositional growth from the surface and resorption by osteoclasts of the inner shaft so that the marrow space can be enlarged Bone Remodelling * Continual remodelling occurs in response to forces (e.g. teeth growing jawbones). Bone is deposited due to traction and resorbed due to pressure. * In young, bone deposition exceeds bone resorption. In the adult bone deposition is balanced with resorption. Joints * Joints are classified according to the degree of movement between the bones of the joint: * Synarthroses: little or no movement. There are 3 types based on the tissue making up the union: * Syndesmosis is the union of bones by dense CT e.g tibiofibular and radioulnar joints * Synchondrosis is a junction by cartilage e.g. IVDs and symphysis pubis * Synostosis is a joint united by bone e.g. skull sutures (Starts off as fontanelles) * Diarthroidal (synovial) e.g. knee, hip, shoulder have great freedom of movement and have a CT capsule around a joint cavity held by ligaments. * The joint has an articular cartilage (hyaline) with no perichondrium. The capsule is lined (except over the articular surfaces) with a cellular, vascular, folded synovial membrane made of loose CT which secretes a viscous lubricating, synovial fluid. The viscosity of the fluid varies with temperature. *Fibrous- collagen- little to no movement- interosseous ligament *Gomphosis- tooth joined by cartilage

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture Essay

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture - Essay Example Modern wars are by design, not in alignment with the Just War Doctrine. Justification to initiate and continue a war is dependent upon the propaganda that starts before a war, continues and evolves according to the circumstances during this heinous act and subsides long after the war is over. It is therefore safe to assert that the Just War Doctrine does not in any way provide the control required to limit the violence related to war; instead it functions to guide the powerful forces to seek suitable justifications regarding initiation of the war process; no matter how misaligned the justifications. War conventions fail to substantiate in cases where the powerful forces regard their opponents as being â€Å"less than humans†. US attack on Iraq for eradication of weapons of mass-destruction can be regarded as a recent example of this scenario. Despite inflicting immense damage to the target country, no such weapons were recovered; the justification of war was hence flawed. Judging torture in the light of ethical theories can bring forth variable outcomes. The proponents of torture present it as the only available means for revelation of information that is essential to provide protection to other humans. An example in this regard is the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario that is often presented to convince people about the importance of torture as a means of ensuring the safety of masses. Judging torture from the deontological perspective brings forth the fact that torture should be avoided at all costs (Gordon 62). Since the proponents of deontological approach are inclined towards highlighting the importance of ‘duty’ without regard to the ‘outcome’; this approach demands that the general approach of treating the suspects be in accordance to the ethical principles and hence torture should be avoided at all costs. This is in contradiction to other ethical approaches which take into account the

Design, Technology and Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Design, Technology and Literacy - Essay Example As Fritz and King (1994) suggested, art forms such as visual art, media, movement, music, drama and literature provided powerful ways of capturing and conveying individual as well as collective experience. By understanding how arts reflect, challenge and shape values and beliefs of a society and their variation over time and cultures make learners appreciate and enjoy an enhancing personal and social experience (Fritz & King, 1994). This essay and activity shall explore my ability to create design out of various contexts: through inspiration of classic children stories, food and nutrition for children, and graphic communication using symbols. It will be coupled with the actual products and its development process as explained in this essay. Our environment is everybody else's business. Each of us must do our part, and the more we can do for our environment, the better. In design, use of so-called environmentally-friendly materials has become a necessity among corporations and firms as global regulations in trade and production dictate how firms conduct business. This may be said about the issuance of environment certificates, from production, use of raw materials, packaging, transportation as well as marketing. This helps keep our environment competitive with the daily tear and wear, pollution, and other ways that degenerate our sustainable ecosystem. It has been widely acknowledge that every new design contains new materials that complicate recycling operations so that certificate and regulations ensure that companies take back and recycle, products as well as packaging. The producer's role extends towards the users and post-users phases (Lindhquist and Lifset, 1997). The extended product responsibility (EPR) serves as a tool for the reduction of the amount of waste that originates from discarded products (Hart, 1997) while EPR refers to policy designed for integrating the environmental costs throughout the products' lifecycle now incorporated in legislation of about 40 industrialised countries (Wilck, 1997) adopted by a score of industrial branches involved in products for packaging. Mostly, packaging is made to be re-used after consumer has opened the package and start using the product. Recyclable packaging consists mainly of environmentally safe products such as cardboard, corrugated board, and also recycled variations of pap ers. In this activity incorporating design and recycling, raw materials are used packaging, particularly boxes. The following diagram constitutes the Aggregated Linear Product Process Chain: Source: Lambert et al, 2003 In consideration of this process, it is clearly understood that manufacturing includes the environment-conscious design embracing design, synthesis, processing, and use of products either in continuous or discrete industries (Zhang et al, 1997). Integrating Technology from Fairy Tales Fairy tales has primary themes to provide and integrate with technology. The application and development of technology programs will have an important role in generating ideas, integrating theory and practice, and

Immigration Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Immigration Debate - Essay Example This essay Immigration Debate discusses the issues of illegal immigrants and the corresponding US laws. Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi ¬grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi ¬zens. Approximately half of current illegal immigrants do not possess a high-school level education. Welfare use among this group and for low-skill immigrants granted amnesty is three times the rate for the U.S. born citizens. The hea ted rhetoric of the immigration debate has caused many to become fearful that their standard of life will dramatically decrease if the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants are permitted to stay in the country, so much so that there is a growing movement to disallow citizen status to the children of illegal immigrants born in the U.S. The 14th Amendment addresses this issue. â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside†.

Theory and practice of managing people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theory and practice of managing people - Essay Example FollyWood is a large, open-air theme park where the vast majority of the employees serve on a seasonal basis. It was recently acquired by a large leisure company, Leisure, Inc., but is still run as a separate entity. FollyWood pursues a â€Å"hard approach† and does not exert any effort to generate employee commitment among its seasonal staff. As a result, the firm experiences high turnover among its seasonal staff, which is assumed to cause the fall in profits and increase in customer complaints. In light of these antecedents, this report takes the position that FollyWood should assume a comprehensive approach towards reducing the turnover of seasonal staff and motivating its staff, both seasonal and permanent, towards more productive and fulfilling relations with the customers, the company and its leadership, their co-workers, and other parties they deal with at work. The report shall touch on: 1. Undertake a job analysis and restructuring program (Heron, 2005). It is likely that the number of seasonal workers may be reduced in favour of increasing the permanent staff. This will require creating positions that may combine seasonal functions with permanent ones, or realising economies of scale organisation-wide by integrating operations and sharing personnel with other units of Leisure, Inc. Activities that may be accomplished long this line include: 1.1. Perform a job description analysis of existing positions. This will clarify what actions are expected of individual employees in order to set fair compensation horizontally and vertically throughout the organisation. 1.2. Rationalise seasonal functions that may be combined to create more permanent or year-long regular jobs. The purpose of this task is to reduce the number of â€Å"seasonal† staff and instead increase the number of employees who would be able to dedicate their full-time efforts to the FollyWood. 1.4. Enhance job enrichment for currently existing positions. Job enrichment is

Marketing of TelePacific Communications Case Study

Marketing of TelePacific Communications - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that financial strength is one of the prime constraints of TelePacific which restricted them to promote the company across the world. Therefore, e-marketing will be an effective promotional tool to develop awareness among the people of the world. Moreover, the award received in 2010 has enabled the company to increase its annual revenue by 13% each year. Managing customers efficiently is an important competency of an organization dealing in the service sector. Maintaining long-term relationships with the existing customers and developing unique strategies will enable the company to retain and to attract new clients. Involving customers in planning future strategies of the company will influence them in maintaining long-term relationships with the organization. Moreover, employee satisfaction is also an important factor which should be dealt sophistically. The employees are the core communicators who interact with the customers. Thus, job sati sfaction and continued training programs are essential for enhancing the relationship among the customers and the organization. Managing the Customer Relationship TelePacific is renowned for providing excellent services to its customers along with quality network coverage. In order to measure the performances of their employees the company has implemented various metrics which create accountability and visibility across the organization. The metrics are reviewed every week on an organizational level discussing relevant issues and developing customer experiences through their services. One of the core commitments of the company is to enhance the relationship with the existing customers and to introduce innovative products for attracting new customers. Thus, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an effective tool for maintaining long-term relationships with individual customers. The strategies of CRM help create new and shared value for individual customers that leads to building preferences for the organization ultimately generating appropriate outcomes related to business results (TelePacific Communications, 2012) . The company enables customers for communicating with the top level management by providing them direct phone numbers regarding any issue. In addition, TelePacific can invite ideas from customers for jointly planning and developing values distinct to the class of customer. Furthermore, the management can collaborate with the distribution channels for enhancing individual customer satisfaction. Integrating customers’ suggestion into their technologies will develop their participation and involvement with the company. Moreover, e-marketing is growing rapidly as a competent tool for promoting a company and its products. Various strategies are being employed by organizations to attract the attention of the customers in order to promote their unique products and services offered. Social networking sites are quite common these days to promote c ompany’s products. The use of social networking sites has developed immensely among the younger generations and corporate. Therefore, generating awareness of the services offered by TelePacific through Facebook or Twitter will attract new customers. Furthermore, it gives the company an opportunity to interact directly with the individual customers and identify the common desires and evolving trends.  

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 152

Summary - Essay Example Additional to this are some famous and demanding worldwide organizations that are occupied in underlining all-purpose human rights problems as well as issues in Africa. The editorial highlights the contradictory interests plus diversified deeds. The issues have been brought forth on the rights matter since the formation of the Organization of Africa in 1963, at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Santosh 1). Africa went through some issues that discolored its image of the human rights. They comprise the rise along with the fall of evil dictators like Jean-Bedel of the Central African Republic, Fernando Nguema of Equatorial Guinea and Idi Amin of Uganda. In Africa there has been an unrelenting call for the conservation of civil and political right as per the article. Relations established particularly in the 1980’s and 90 are plea on strict enforcement on human rights. The piece of writing asserts that there is a special rule in which one requirement to give treatment to treat the other as they would love to be treated. The editorial stress on the works completed by groups that are anonymous as well as exposed ones as well as those that a evidently respected in the civilization in trying to avert governmental infringements of political and social rights. The writer states how nongovernmental organizations have disputed against rights breaches like favoritism, aggression against ch ildren, women as well as refugees and persecution (Santosh 1-5). NGOs have persisted to keep significant responsibility while they study human rights in diverse parts of African although they are weak. The drive, energy, vision, the obstinacy of global human rights movement at present lies fully with the NGOs. The NGOs dedicate a lot of funds in promoting and shielding the human rights. The NGOs are troubled with the clash for human rights troubles and are spearheaded by the Amnesty International.

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics - Essay Example It is important to set up the site properly so as to protect the business (for example, by ensuring that your terms are accepted before transactions proceed to contract formation), and to comply with the law. Betty was willing to buy BMWS from Andrew thus why she discussed prices and various options with Andrew. Betty said wanted 12 cars top of the range and the next day Andrew telephoned Betty leaving a message on Betty's telephone answer machine offering to sell the cars for $ 38,000 each .in order for an offer to be an enforceable contract, certain basic requirements must be present. There must be an agreement based upon genuine concert of the parties supported by consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. (Hussain pg 114, 2002). An offer may be byword of mouth in writing or by conduct. After the discussion between Betty and Andrew the Later agreed to sell the BMWS at $ 38,000 each which was communicated to Betty. The moment a person express his acceptance of an offer the very moment the contract is concluded and does not matter whether the acceptance is byword of mouth or in witting. A contract is complete only when acceptance is actually communicated to the offer. Betty accepted to buy the $ 38,000 through an email she sent to her personal assistance (Carol) who forwarded it to Andrew. For this case the contract of the sale became binding immediately the email of acceptance from Betty was forwarded to Andrew. Carol was Betty's personal assistance and she acted as an agent to her. Her agency was created through an agency by necessity. Law may confer an authority where an agent acted by reason and genuine emergency with a view to protecting his principal's goods, which are in danger of being perished. Her action must have been performed in good faith. She must not assume the role of an agent of necessity unless she is unable to communicate with Betty to obtain fresh instructions. Carol could not have gone ahead and accepted key for the 12 BMW'S without getting fresh instructions from Betty knowing very well she had changed her mind and wanted convertible BMWs at the same price. Hence she is liable for accepting keys to the vehicles without getting further instructions from Betty. Betty is liable to pay for the BMW'S since her personal assistance (carol) intimidated to the seller that he had accepted the good vehicles by accepting the keys. Andrew has rights against Betty and he can sue Betty for the price of the vehicle since the vehicle had been passed to Betty. He can also be entitled to maintain an action for damages if the buyer refuses to accept the delivery and pay for them. Damage is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting from the buyer's breach of contract. The damages awarded will be different between the contract and the price at the time when the goods ought to have been accepted or if no time was fixed for acceptance, then at the time of the refusal to accept. When Betty asked Andrew to collect his vehicles because she was not going to buy them, Andrew reduced $ 1,000 on cash vehicle. Considered is necessary not for making the contracts, but also for their discharge for example, an agreement to accept the smaller sum in full satisfactory of a large debt is not binding because there is no consideration and the party agreeing to it way sue for the balance. It is however, possible to discharge an existing

Motivation letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation letter - Assignment Example objectives are to, first become a first mate, and then in time, work hard to secure a promotion that will see me achieve my dream of becoming a captain. I believe that I possess determination and focus, which will ensure that I gain experience with the ambition of not achieving the highest rank in motor yachting, but also contributing towards the industry positively by ensuring that I ensure my crew members are safe and have confident in me. Despite personal endeavors in achieving my dream job of becoming a captain, I am also determined to uphold the moral ethics that defines a motor yacht crew given the extra care required in sailing passengers from one port to another. Pursuing motor yachting profession is not satisfying by its own, but through the integration of various aspects such as taking responsibility, conforming to the code of ethics, respect for others and giving other options to correct my unintentional wrong doings, which will help me build my career from a moral, emotional, and professionalism perspective. Motor yachting has substantial challenges that are associated with the conditions in which the sea vessels work. Remarkably, being at the middle of an ocean with no place to pull over in emergency cases is one of the psychological challenges that may face every motor yacht crew among many others including natural and experience challenges. However, there is no single profession that comes without risks; hence, I am determined not to be defined my fears and challenges, but what I can do to ensure that the challenges are part of everything a human being pursues. In reference to the saying the saying, â€Å"experience is the best teacher†, I am always ready to experience new things irrespective of whether they are challenges, obstacles or even hardships, which ensures that I thrive through my career successfully and learning from my past experience. It is my wish to spend my time in large water bodies aided by professional yachting crews

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Example for Free

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Three Men in a Boat is a deceptively simple story: three friends take a boating holiday on the River Thames. At first sight this does not seem a likely plot for a classic work of comedy, and the fact that it was written in the late Victorian period and was an instant bestseller seems even harder to believe. Nowadays a sense of humour does not immediately spring to mind as a defining characteristic of the Victorians, particular as Queen Victoria herself is famous for the remark, ‘We are not amused!’ Jerome K. Jerome later wrote, ‘I did not intend to write a funny book, at first. I did not know I was a humorist. I never have been sure about it. In the middle ages, I should probably have gone about preaching and got myself burnt or hanged.’ Although the book was a huge success with the reading public, Jerome was lucky that it was not killed off by the reviews. ‘Of course it was damned by the critics,’ Jerome observed. ‘One might have imagined – to read some of them – that the British Empire was in danger. One Church dignitary went about the country denouncing me. Punch was especially indignant, scenting an insidious attempt to introduce â€Å"new humour† into comic literature.’ The humour lies not in the plot, but in the detail. A relaxing holiday on the river, rowing and sailing upstream, seeing the sights, and camping in the boat during overnight stops – what could possibly go wrong? The answer, of course, is just about everything, and it is the antics of the three men with their differering attitudes and approaches to the various problems that make the book so funny. On the periphery, there is also the dog Montmorency, a thoroughly anarchic figure whose practical solution to their difficulties usually consists of getting out of the way until all the fuss dies down. Most of the humour comes from comic set pieces, such as the agony of putting up a tent in adverse weather conditions. In some cases, episodes that still raise a laugh (because they are based on peren nial problems like finding the correct train at a railway station) were actually topical jokes. Waterloo station was considered a confusing mess of platforms that it was almost impossible to find your way around, and the idea of bribing a train driver to take you wherever you want to go appeals as much to the modern railway user as it did to the Victorians. Indeed, the whole book was topical, because a river boating holiday had only become fashionable a decade before, and part of the book’s success was due to the fact that boating on the Thames was the latest craze at the time it was published. The book also broke new ground with its subject matter and with its protagonists. The most popular books of the day were generally adventures with dashing heroes, by authors such as H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Robert Louis Stevenson. A book about three ordinary men and their minor but hilarious adventures on the river was something totally new. Also new was the structure of the book, though whether by accident or design is unclear. The structure is completely unbalanced, since it takes the first quarter of the book to discuss and plan the trip and get them onto the river, while the return journey is wrapped up in just eleven pages. The trip on the river is really just a frame on which to hang the various anecdotes and digressions that contain much of the humour. At intervals, and often sitting uncomfortably within the string of anecdotes and incidents, Jerome provides straight descriptive passages in a guidebook style, noting the places they are passing and their history. Sometimes he overdoes things, with fantasies such as a long description of how King John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede. He seems to be trying to convey the idle thoughts and flights of fancy inspired by locations of such historical importance, but this does not always work. In general, his shorter descriptions succeed far better in creating the illusion of a real trip on the river. Jerome was very well acquainted with the river, having made many trips on it with friends and even spending his honeymoon there with his new bride, immediately before writing the book. He certainly drew on previous experiences, and the three men he writes about had real counterparts – Jerome himself was the narrator ‘J.’, ‘George’ was based on a George Wingrave, and ‘Harris’ on Carl Hentschel. Only the dog, Montmorency, was entirely imaginary. Perhaps the key to the success of Three Men in a Boat lies in its combination of simplicity and set-piece humorous incidents, most of which have a timeless, universal appeal. The book has been translated into many languages and repeatedly adapted for television. It is probably as popular today as when first published, because much of the language seems so fresh and modern. The book is narrated in the first person by the author, who is refered to as J by his friends. It begins with J, and his friends harris and George, deciding to take a boat trip up the Thames from Kingston to oxford,and then back again (the book was written in 1888, when boating on the Thames was enormously popular). They are unanimous in agreeing that this is a good idea (except for Js dog, Montmorency, who doesnt care for boating). They have trouble getting packed, and in the morning Harris and J take a train to Kingston, where the boat is waiting for them. George is joining them later when he has finished his work at the bank. they row up passt Hampton Court, where Harris describes an incident when he got lost in Hampton Court maze with some friends (this is one of the funniest parts of the book). George joines the party, and they have trouble towing the boat, and later they have even more trouble trying to put the cover over the boat for the night. they all get fed up with each other, but cheer up when they have a good tea. There is a long passage about the signing of Magna Carta (there are several passages like this in the book, where the author gets serious for a bit). They have various other mishaps as they travel up the river, like the time when they are having tinned pineapple for tea, and cant find the tin-opener. They spend a lot of time trying to open it with no success. And there are stories of other trips they made up the river, like the time J was ou tin a aboat with his cousin, and they thought they were going crazy because they couldnt find Wallingford Lock (it turns out the lock had been demolished some years earlier). And ther ere is the time when they are in an inn which has a stuffed trout in a case on the wall, and several different people come in and claim to have been the one who caught it, but when George stands on a chair to look at it, he knocks it down and it breaks it turns out to be plaster of Paris! When they reach Oxford, and start to travel bac, it starts to rain, and they arent enjoying themselves somuch. So they abandon the boat and take the train back to London, where they go to a show and then have a good dinner in a restaurant. They make a toast Heres to three men well out of a boat!

Benefits and Strategies of Learning Through Play

Benefits and Strategies of Learning Through Play Play is essential in child’s early years. In my model of play, every area is interrelated in regards to play. Play can happen at any point of time and at any place. From a child’s perspective, play is enjoyable and imaginative. Educators play an important role in planning play activities in the curriculum and to sustain their thinking. Background of the family reflects how children play at home and with their peers. In my model of play, a cultural-historical theory drives my play practices. According to Vygotsky, â€Å"Children will give new meaning to objects in their play in order to progress imaginary play† and to understand reality by learning how people work through role-playing (Fleer, 2013). He also continued that professionals in early childhood will contribute in children’s play through interactions in sustained shared thinking and through play connections with children (Fleer, 2013). Thus; my model of play revolves around these important aspects for a child – culture, play, educator, curriculum, family and educator. Each aspect will be further explaining in the following: Play Cultural –historical view of play can be reflected in my model of play. In this model, children engaged in both structured and unstructured play. In unstructured play, children will develop a state of mind, helping them to deal with feelings or challenges in their life and at the same time, providing opportunities for them to explore different ways in doing things (Bruce, 2011). From a child’s perspective, they use very minimal effort to move between play and real world (Edmiston, 2008). When they play, they create imaginary situations. These imaginary situations are based on their real-world experiences and children give new senses to their movements and objects (Fleer, 2013). I observed how these two girls, Ann (three years old) and May (six years old) playing at the kitchen corner. They are creating imaginary situations. In their play, they take on roles. They pretend to be mother and baby. As they are in their imaginary situations, children began to move away from r eality. They became more detailed in taking their roles. In my observations, Ann began to sound like a baby and will seek attention from her â€Å"mother†. Both children learn about everyday concepts as they observe how their mother takes care of baby. From there, they also picked up scientific concepts about movement like walking, carrying baby dolls and cuddling. Culture The family background of the child sets conditions for play. Usually, children imitate the role of the people they have most contact with. For example, if children will imitate the role of the teacher when they are at home; or in school, they will take on the role of their mother as they had been observing how she manages the kitchen daily. As children develop their play, they adopt the role and create their make-believe stories. In my observations on my play model, Ann and May adopt the roles of mother and baby and they moved on to puppetry play and bake cookies. When children are in play, children move in and out of imaginary situations (Fleer, 2013). They use special languages to communicate to draw a line between real worlds and play experiences. Children also use their language based on their family background. As May and Ann are Malays, they have included their mother tongue in their play conversations. They used, â€Å"ka kak† which means sister in their conversation. T his also explains that culture reflects on how children interact in their play experiences. It frames on how children play occurs based on their everyday experiences. In Vygotsky’s theory, he noted that a child’s daily life experiences sets and frames on how play may occur and children will not play freely (Fleer, 2010). Curriculum In my school, we believe that children learn through play. In our planning, we engage children in purposeful play and as well as free play. Thus, we do not provide worksheets for children to work on. For example, children (aged 3 years old) will be hunting for items associated with letter ‘f’, explore what they can do their feet and traced the letter by walking on the letter. As children are still developing their fine motor skills, teachers should not be stressing if the child is able to write. Instead, teachers can work on their gross motor skills and they learn through kinetic movements. From children’s perspective, they view it as play as they get to walk, jump and most importantly, it is enjoyable and fun. In my school, children also participated in projects. We lead provocation through their play activities. During the interactions, teachers and children are involved sustained shared thinking. Sustained shared thinking is an effective interaction where two or more parties and â€Å"working together† to understand concepts, cracking a problem and extending conversations and activities (Siraj-Blatchford, 2007). In our play incidents during our project, we sustain children’s thinking by asking open-ended questions. Our curriculum is also tied closely to Ministry of Education (MOE) kindergarten framework. In a Kindergarten Learning Forum opening speech by Ms Indranee Rajah, she mentioned that MOE strongly believes that the critical principle of learning in the early years is engaging in learning through purposeful play (MOE, 2012). They believe that children will learn through purposeful play as they are feeling competent about their ability to learn and develop their physical, cognitive, emotional and social skills. In my centre, we believe that children are competent and engage children in both purposeful play and as well as free play. Therefore, my model of play ties in closely with my school’s curriculum which we encourage children to learn through play and as well as referring to MOE’s kindergarten framework to support children in purposeful play activities. Educators As educators, we play critical role in sustaining children in play. We need look into our pedagogical role in engaging children in play. As children change the meaning of objects we have to look into the depth of play experiences to ensure that these play experiences benefit the children. When a purposeful play activity happens, Educators have to thoughtfully plan the activities with appropriate resources and materials for children to explore. Teachers have to constantly reflect on their teaching practices to see whether their planned activities are inviting children’s interest to be engaged and learning (Lim, 2010). Thus, teachers should provide a variety of play activities in child’s learning and a balance of play and work activities. These balance of play and work activities should include unstructured play to structured play such as from child-initiated play to teacher directed play. Educators should also take note of the sensitivity interaction between child and adult in play and playful experiences activities. Some play does not have to be guide by adults but educators should note that they have to be around even though it is free play for children. Even though the school has a strong curriculum, teachers have to be culturally sensitive to understand each and every child who enters to the classroom. Thus, as educators, we should not be stereotyping the children through similar characteristics of the children. Instead, we should take time to listen to the children when they are at play and interactions before we really make any conclusions on the child’s need and making it into his or her individual goals. This also explains that educators are also assessing for play. In Fleer’s (2010) explanation, assessment for play is how educators assess formative assessment and summaries the assessment at the end of a project or event. While observing the children, we also assess the children through play. This helps educators to do their observations and analyse when children are engaged entirely in play activities (Fleer, 2013). Teachers play a critical how in documenting down these play moments. Documentations can be recorded down in photographs, children’s voices or drawing which children is comfortable with and they can be displayed in the classroom. From all these play moments, children can find out what do they want to find out, and apply their knowledge gained from their inquiry. Fahey (as cited in Fleer, 2013) reasons in inquiry learning, that it is important to provide children the chance to ask questions, clarifying points and to be engaged in the topics which they are interested. This is also useful and going in depth of the child’s play so that learning can be furthered in play (Fleer, 2013). Teachers and children can also review their play activities in a form of KWL chart. This helps children to revisit the play activities and find out what they have learnt and how they can apply their knowledge gain in other situations. Environment Another aspect to discuss is the environment conditions and affordances in play. I believe that environment has an impact in play practices. Whether it is at school, community or at home, it provides different opportunities for the child to learn in daily life. At school, based on child’s interest, educators can then work on setting up the relevant resources in the classroom. Hedges (as cited in Lim, 2010) even inspire teachers to work together with children and sharing responsibility in order to have a child-initiated curriculum where teachers and children can co-construct appropriate and meaningful knowledge. In my school setting we believe that the environment is the third teacher. From a child’s perspective, the visual influences interaction and developing thinking and learning (Strong-Wilson Ellis, 2007). As our school is inspired by Reggio Emilia, it advocates that teachers to take note to the numerous ways to use the space to invite interactions (Strong-Wilson Ellis, 2007). To encourage children to participate in their culture community and to engage in meaningful play activities, teachers who are influenced by Reggio Emilia have capitalize on the environment’s potential as a developmental niche where children acquire knowledge skills and understandings (New, 2007). Thus, at my school setting, the classroom has wide windows to allow natural light to shine through the class. The resources used in the classroom are closest to the natural materials such as twigs, leaves, branches. This can form part of children’s play as they use these materials to create new meanings and interact with their peers and teachers. The environment also reflects school’s basis in John Dewey’s educational philosophy and Vygotsky’s social constructivist learning theory (Tar r, 2001). Both theorists â€Å"believe that children can best create meaning and make sense of their world through living in complex, rich environments which support complex, varied, sustained, and changing relationships between people, the world of experience, ideas and the many ways of expressing ideas† (Tarr, 2001, p.7). The outdoor environment also supports in children’s play. In my school, children are encouraged to engage in outdoor play activities. As my school setting are able to afford big spaces for children, we have the space for water play and sand play. This provides children to be exposed to a variety of play activities be it in classroom or outdoors. Family With reference to cultural-historical theory, play is learned in families (Fleer, 2013). Families can engage children in play and they can learn to pick up valued skills. For an example, parents will do house chores and from a child’s perspective, it is a play and fun activity in helping their parents. In this case, play has developed into an activity which children have contributed to the family. I feel that families should not neglect children’s play at home or when they are with them. Involving families in children’s play can motivate the child in learning and exploring new things, and fostering relationship between them. In conclusion, play is leading activity (Fleer, 2013) in a child’s life. By viewing at how each and every aspect contributes to play, as an educator, I have to constantly reflect on my teaching practices on how I can engage children in play. As technology has been moving rapidly, children are more engaged in technology such as iPad, children may forgo about playing physically with peer interactions. Thus, families and educators should be reminded that there should also be a balance between play activities for the child to be engaged and learn. Reference List Bruce, T. (2011). Learning through play: for babies, toddlers and young children (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. Edmiston, B. (2008). Chapter 1. Ethics in play. In B. Edmiston. Forming ethical identities in early childhood play, pp. 1 – 24. New York: Routledge. Fleer, M. (2010). Chapter 2. Parallel conceptual worlds. In Early learning and development: cultural-historical concepts in play, pp.20 -32. New York: Cambridge University Press. Fleer, M. (2013). Play in the Early Years. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Lim, S. M-Y. (2010). Reconsidering the play-work dichotomy in pedagogy. In M. Ebbeck M. Waniganayake (eds.). : Learning in diverse contexts, pp.141 -156. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Ministry of Education. (2012). Kindergarten learning forum. Retrieved June 19, 2014, from http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2012/11/20/opening-address-by-ms-indranee-rajah-at-kindergarten-learning-forum-2012.php New, R. S. (2007). Reggio Emilia as cultural activity theory in practice. Theory into Practice, 46(1), 5-13. Siraj-Blatchford, I. (2007). Creativity, communication and collaboration: The identification of pedagogic progression in sustained shared thinking. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 1(2), 3-23. Strong-Wilson, T., Ellis, J. (2007). Children and place: Reggio Emilias environment as third teacher. Theory into practice, 46(1), 40-47. Tarr, P. (2001). Aesthetic Codes in Early Childhood Classrooms: What Art Educators Can Learn from Reggio Emilia. Name: Loo Si Hui Student ID: 25687514 Page 1

Khajuraho Tourism: Issues and impacts

Khajuraho Tourism: Issues and impacts India is famous for its great ethnicity and diversity among the cultures and these two main elements reflect in the level of tourism development in any region of the country. Apparently this has led the government and other respective authorities of tourism to call out the importance of heritage tourism in this 21st century. This report is based on the issues and impacts of tourism in Khajuraho, a UNESCO listed world heritage site, famous for its exotic sculptured temples. Khajuraho is a located in a central state of India, and one of the oldest heritage sites in the world. The temples were built a thousand years ago and still they stand dazzling with all the ancient glory. The tourism development in the area has changed many features of the destination and there has been some issues regarding the level of tourism. The place was found only in the early decades of 20th century and even from that time Khajuraho still took so many decades to be printed in the world famous heritage sites. The basic aim of this report is to identify the tourism developments and impacts of tourism in the selected tourism site and it is structured by beginning with a concise glimpse about the destination and followed by explaining the tourism developments in the area, discussing the influences of tourism and its impacts among locals and suggestions to improve the practice of tourism followed by a conclusion which will sum up the overall report and research conducted. Background of the study India is a large nation with huge number of population and great numbers of both cultural and heritage spots. This exclusivity has made the county, a world famous tourism destination in the global tourism map and regarded as a country, famous for its great cultural diversity. Many of these heritage sites are secured by UNESCO- and are still striving to find a place in their destination list. Ethnicity and diversity are the two main key elements of Indian cultural Heritage tourism, and it is really difficult to focus on the whole countrys tourism development and the impacts being facing currently. To understand the effects of tourism on culture, environment and economy it was therefore, I decided that this study should look further deep into the heart of the countrys heritage spots which are commonly unknown for its own nationalists but relatively known by other parts of the world. Khajuraho, a world heritage tourism site in the Central Indian State of Madhya Pradesh was chosen and examined to articulate the nature and dimensions of some of the common issues from the impacts of local and international tourism. The study materials used mainly are reliable sources from the internet and also referred to the theories used in the tourism industry by linking to some of the case studies conducted in the subjected destination. Moreover some parts of the report will be reflecting from my personal experience in the destination. The facts and figures received from the Indian government tourism website back up and gives an overall glimpse of the importance of international tourism occurring in that place. Khajuraho: A mirror of Indian Heritage Khajuraho, a Central Indian State of Madhya Pradesh is world famous for its UNESCO recognized heritage sites and practices great heritage tourism. The site is well known for its imposing temples by reflecting the beauty of antique sculptures and structures carved in huge single sand stones (http://www.mptourism.com/dest/khajuraho.html).These temples, mirroring the sensuous images of both men and women also lead to shed some lights on the medieval Hindu and Jain cultures Pic1-Khajuraho TempleThe history of temples in Khajuraho village is believed to be dated back to a thousand years ago, erected by the great Chandela Rajput Dynasty of Central India, by taking a century to build more than 85 glorious temples with richly carved unique and magnificent sculptures. (Gill, 2008).During the depredation of time only 22 are managed to survive and they stand still calling out the glory of medieval architectural masters. Some of the temples are sculptured with enticing erotic structures representing the Tantric Vedas which the people in the village used to practice. Area 16.93 sq. km. Altitude 257 m above Sea Level Temperature Summer: Max 47Â °C, Min 21Â °C. Winter: Max 32Â °C, Min 4Â °C. Rainfall 114 cms annual Languages English, Hindi. Table1-General InformationThe other Tourism activities include Khajuraho Dance Festival, organized every year in the month of February or March for one week and the Daily Sound Light Show ((Khajuraho, n.d.). Table-1 shows some general Information about Khajuraho (http://www.delhitourism.com/khajuraho-tourism/) Level of tourism development Pic2-LocationEver since the airport is opened, a daily flight operated from Delhi, the capital city of India connected Khajuraho with some other famous destinations. These made the visitors to reach there without any inconvenience and also the ground transportation facilities improved, while connecting to nearby important towns and railway station by running daily trips to Khajuraho. The main significant changes in the level of tourism happened was the creation of a Master Plan to guide the growth of Khajuraho and the institution of the Khajuraho Dance Festival, a successful event that has, to some extent given Khajuraho a classical image (Menon,1993).D:ACADEMIC6th SemesterTOUR310reportkhajuraho-map.jpg What was Khajuraho before Pic3-SculpturesKhajuraho or the ancient name Khajurapura is believed to be derived from the word Khajurvahila meaning the garden of dates surrounded the village at that time (Krishnamurthy, 1996). Deserted after the 14th century, the area was completely unknown to outside world until it was discovered by a young British Army officer T.S. Burt in 1838 (Menon, 1993). According the Ministry of Tourism, (http://www.mptourism.com/dest/khajuraho.html) after the turn down of the Chandela dynasty in the 13th century, the temples were hidden from outside world by dense forests and shrubs around. Nobody knew the epitome of Indian Architecture was diminishing dawdling in the rampage of time. Many of the structures were destroyed by weather, the slackness and laxity of surrounding world. But this hidden identity must have saved the remaining temples from the early Muslim invasions in the past (Hegewald Mitra, 2008). According to Menon (1993) the temples were unknown to the world until 1950s and it was only the foreign journalists and photographers who published the photos to the open world. The place was opened to the tourists only a few decades after the Independence of India from British in 1947 after building adequate facilities for transportation to get there. Changes after the tourism developments Today, Khajuraho is a booming tourist spot for both domestic and international travelers. The infrastructure is modified significantly by the government to the needs of thirsting travelers, as the years pass by. According to (UNESCO, 2005) few modest hotels were built in the early sixties to attract foreigners and domestic tourists and the number of people coming to visit Khajuraho has changed dramatically ever since the airport was built as the surface transportation was not convenient enough. The draft Development Plan produced by Indian Government in 1975 is also guided consequent development of the area (Menon, 1993). Now the old village of Khajuraho is changed absolutely into a place with a number of 8 star hotels including 2 five star chains affiliated hotels and other budgeted hotels also, in an area of just few kilometers (http://www.tourism-of-india.com/hotels-in-madhya-pradesh.html) equipped with efficient roads access, other transportation and accommodation facilities. Subsequently areas around Khajuraho have also flourished and harvested the benefits from these tourism developments. Tourist profile There have been a lot of changes happened during the last few decades and this has led to have a significant change in the demographics of travelers arriving in Khajuraho. Menon (1993) stated that a few decades back, the foreign tourists visiting Khajuraho comprised 3.3% of total number of visitors to India and most of the tourists were independent and included in low budget category, half of the group tourists who visited India visited Khajuraho also. Table2-Statistics from 1984-1992The statistics published by the government a few years back, shows the tremendous hike in the number of tourists visited the destination and it gives a lucid idea about the expansion of the Khajuraho tourism plans (Menon, 1993) Table3-Statistics from 2004-2006 The number of people visited in the early 80s were higher than in early 90s in the domestic travelers as it is believed to be the reason of political instability at that time. But the number of foreign travelers remained constant between these periods. Table 2 shows that total numbers of tourists in 1985-1986 were around 203,646, but in the early 90s it was decreased to 151,350. (Appendix I-IV)There is a significant percentage of increase in the number of foreign visitors to Khajuraho in the current decade almost double the numbers in previous decades while the number of domestic tourists remained constant apparently. This increasing number of tourists mainly depends on the level of promotions of the destination or and the transportation facilities. Driving force It is not only just some sandstone structures to see in Khajuraho, but it is the picturesque depiction of medieval existence of village people ruled under the great Chandela kings portrayed by the maestros of stone architecture about a millennium ago. It is the thrusting force of quaint beauty to lead the travelers to Khajuraho from around the world. The main motivation of travelling to Khajuraho is the splendor of these sculptures in the temples. The government tourism board and other tourism agencies have recognized the demand for tourism in the region and offer various tourism packages including the nearby cities of Khajuraho. It is another value added benefit for the travelers and a motive to visit Khajuraho. Although it is an icon of Heritage Tourism, the erotic sculptures, illustrating the tantric arts in the sandstones attract many of the tourists from around the world. Rise in the economy- A positive impact Though there are many identified impacts of tourism in Khajuraho, the most significant one is the rise in the total economy, as the level of tourism in the destination parts a major share in the total number of foreign tourist flow into the country (Appendix V) As a result of tourism development programs which eventually offered more than 3,000 job offers to the local community made the status of lifestyle to go up resourcefully as there was significant growth in education and health care systems. The other noticed results are in the local handicraft industry and the offering of large scale indirect employment in other sectors especially in the farming (UNESCO, 2005). The development of tourism in the region have also reduced the level of poverty than the neighboring villages as this mass tourism has helped the local people to indulge in increasing their personal income through various tourism activities. All those improvements in the public utility infrastructures and transport infrastructures in Khajuraho show the positive economical impacts and it has been forecasted to make a dramatic change in the future number of tourists (In 2015, expecting 1,00,965 domestic tourists and 8,59,701 foreign tourists with a total number of 19,60,666) App endix-VI Negative economic impact The level of tourism has made some negative impacts in the local economy to a certain level, especially the development programs by the government which brought many outsiders into the village economy. Instead of using the natural resources, things are being imported from outside by the migrants. Most of the imported goods are manipulated as local art work and being sold to the tourists which is a leakage in the integration of locals and the government systems (Menon, 1993). Moreover, the inflation has increased due to the less supply for the high demand for local items caused by the tourism development program. According to Menon, (1993, p.37) a local guide explains that 20 years ago people were friendlier and close together: tourism, he said, has made the people money-minded. Positive Environmental impact The wild shrouded temples are titivated by the government by the level of tourism in Khajuraho. According to UNESCO, (2005) the place is now equipped with complete infrastructure including transportation, electricity, water supply, hotels and hospitals. The temples are now protected by the Indian Central Government with the help of archeological and tourism departments to preserve the Indian heritage, as they are wall protected by the security systems in order to avoid intruders and vandalisms. Now the temples are surrounded by gardens which are not truly, a part of original temple designs, to enhance the beauty of temple premises. Apart from that, a central museum is located in the village to keep the valuable broken parts from the temples and show case the ancient artwork to the visitors and the excavation areas are restricted for public .One can clearly see that the old sleepy image of Khajuraho is completely changed by the changes happened in the environment due to the tourism (M enon, 1993). Negative Environmental impact Due to the characteristics of the destination, Khajuraho poses very less detrimental effect on the physical environment as the tourists who visit are particular nature of sightseer activity and their primary intention is just to see the sculptures in the temples (Menon, 1993). Thus rate of losing the natural resources will be very less in the region comparing some other tourist destinations, however the mass amount of tourist flow into Khajuraho must have changed the environment negatively due to the air pollution and solid wastes disposal. Moreover the destruction of unique flora and fauna in the area, due to the excavation work happening nearby the temples reduced the wild life in the surrounding region. The other considerable negative impacts are the air pollution caused by the aircrafts flying. A study conducted by Indian central archaeological department found out that aircrafts flying over the temples produce a certain level of vibrations which could damage ancient monuments(Ar chaeological Survey of India, n.d) According to a monthly social awareness magazine (Khajuraho Special, 2004) land pollution and air pollution are some of the major environmental issues in Khajuraho faced by tourism. None of the hotels in Khajuraho have proper waste management system or recycling system which persuade them to litter openly and so do the tourists, especially the canned foods and other disposable items. In the same way, increasing number in tourism has caused the same number in vehicles for transportation which pollutes the air by emitting dangerous gases and causing to change the atmospheric temperature. The final thought is about the shrinking of water bodies in the area, where the improper land usage reduced the natural water resources drastically. Positive socio-cultural impact The lifestyle in Khajuraho is being affected by tourism activities as a natural consequence of socio-cultural impact. People have been more aware of the tourism needs and other cultures, to mingle with other nationalities flawlessly. The dance festivals and other cultural activities unite the local community and also portray the true image of Khajuraho to tourists. It has been proved that there hasnt been any complaint of sexual harassment or prostitution, which shows that the local community is more responsive about social norms (Menon, 1993) and some of the local people have managed to make marriage relationship with foreigners. After all, some of the local community still indulge in their daily prayers and go to the temples for worshiping which point towards the conscientious tourism in the area. Negative socio-cultural impact The migration and settlement of outsiders have changed Khajuraho social and cultural environment, as now the local populations is consisting of various ethnic groups who drifted to make business via tourism. The local language spoken is very less in Khajuraho as majority of people living in Khajuraho are nonnative. From my personal experience in Khajuraho, what I could see mainly was the children and young people are following the path of tourism to make money easily rather than going to schools and colleges. Most of them are grabbed by travel agents to become guides and receive commission from them. Ultimately tourism has brought in these multi cultural societies who sell the true art for money into Khajuraho and broken the integrity of local culture. Recommendations and final thoughts The promotional material and the information available to the tourists, reduce Khajuraho to a single-issue destination Menon (1993). This image of Khajuraho is more likely a single point destination where the tourism is only focused on the sensual sculptures in the temples. Instead of publicizing the true illustration, the tourists are falsified by the travel agent mafias which make them to take pleasure in the erotic part of the heritage art worked temples instead of understanding the true principles of an ancient civilization existed there. Hence the government should be more responsible to stop these misleading by establishing examples such as providing proper tourism marketing campaigns, awareness seminars and cultured guiding system. Instead of focusing only on the temples, tourism board should take hand in developing the vicinity and neighboring locality as they are still under poverty and the wildlife around Khajuraho still remains unguarded though it is reserved. Over the past years Asian countries have on looked incredible social, cultural, political and technological changes (Pandey, Chettri, Kunwar and Ghimire, 1995).These significant changes have been received by the far-fetched development of tourism in the subjected countries. Despite the fact that tourism fosters the national economy to a certain extent, it has definite impacts on countrys enlightening ethnicity and legacy while leaving the natural possessions to an economic item of trade for income. According to Bandyopadhyay, Morais, Chick (2008, p.791), Tourism is not just an aggregate of merely commercial activities; it is also an ideological framing of history, nature and tradition; a framing that has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs. It is apparent from this report that, these factors have certainly affected either positively or negatively on the values of economic, environmental and socio cultural in Khajuraho. The final say is tourism in Khajuraho has fo stered over the years and it has changed many factors, it is the obligation of each and every single tourist who comes to visit Khajuraho to practice responsible tourism while mesmerized by the prehistoric sandstone shades of ancient arts.

Functions of an OS Platform-(03) :: essays research papers

Functions of an Operating System Operating Systems is a computer program that controls the operation of the hardware of a computer and the execution of programs. The primary functions of an operating system include: 1) Managing and controlling the hardware of the computer, e.g., drivers 2) Interfacing between hardware and software, i.e. how programs and applications use hardware – keyboard, mouse, monitor. 3) Managing memory, i.e., multitasking, multiprocessing and threads 4) Managing and executing applications 5) Diagnosing problems with software and hardware 6) Managing Storage Devices and Files, e.g., NTFS and Netware file system 7) Providing a User Interface Additional Functions of a Network Operating System Where multiple hosts share the workload and resources, but each host executes its own programs 1) Connecting to the Network, e.g., network interface card drivers, communication protocols, and client services. 2) Enabling remote users to access and share resources, and user interfaces to use various share services, e.g., utilities, web access, SMTP. 3) Provide additional security to access shared resources, i.e., authorization (logon) and authorization (resources) services. 4) Provide applications for network use, e.g., Web, SMTP, and DHCP servers. 5) Provide network diagnostics utilities. Types of Network Operating Systems Peer-to-Peer or Workgroup Model Any computer can be a server or a client, or both. Examples of these NOS include Microsoft Networking and Windows 2k Member servers The security system is decentralized, and is stored in the local registry. Practical for networks up 5 to 10 computers with limited sharing and low security requirements. Every server maintains its own security system. this means that you must have a password on each server. Peer-to-Peer or Workgroups Advantages Disadvantages Easy-to-share resources No centralized control over resources Resources are distributed across all computers No centralized account management Little administrative overhead No centralized administration Simple to design No centralized security system Easy to implement Inefficient for more than 20 computers Convienent for small groups in close proximity Security must be configured manually Less expensive or free software, does not require a centralized server Increased training to educate users to use their computer as both a client and a server. Domain (Client/Server) Model The designation of one computer to centralize the administration of shared resources and security. It is generally recommended that a computer would be only used as either as a client or a server, but not both. For example, share files will be stored on the server. Windows NT/2K domain controllers, Active directory and Netware are examples of the client Server model. Client/Server or Domain Model Advantages Disadvantages Centralized resource sharing Significant administrative effort and overhead Functions of an OS Platform-(03) :: essays research papers Functions of an Operating System Operating Systems is a computer program that controls the operation of the hardware of a computer and the execution of programs. The primary functions of an operating system include: 1) Managing and controlling the hardware of the computer, e.g., drivers 2) Interfacing between hardware and software, i.e. how programs and applications use hardware – keyboard, mouse, monitor. 3) Managing memory, i.e., multitasking, multiprocessing and threads 4) Managing and executing applications 5) Diagnosing problems with software and hardware 6) Managing Storage Devices and Files, e.g., NTFS and Netware file system 7) Providing a User Interface Additional Functions of a Network Operating System Where multiple hosts share the workload and resources, but each host executes its own programs 1) Connecting to the Network, e.g., network interface card drivers, communication protocols, and client services. 2) Enabling remote users to access and share resources, and user interfaces to use various share services, e.g., utilities, web access, SMTP. 3) Provide additional security to access shared resources, i.e., authorization (logon) and authorization (resources) services. 4) Provide applications for network use, e.g., Web, SMTP, and DHCP servers. 5) Provide network diagnostics utilities. Types of Network Operating Systems Peer-to-Peer or Workgroup Model Any computer can be a server or a client, or both. Examples of these NOS include Microsoft Networking and Windows 2k Member servers The security system is decentralized, and is stored in the local registry. Practical for networks up 5 to 10 computers with limited sharing and low security requirements. Every server maintains its own security system. this means that you must have a password on each server. Peer-to-Peer or Workgroups Advantages Disadvantages Easy-to-share resources No centralized control over resources Resources are distributed across all computers No centralized account management Little administrative overhead No centralized administration Simple to design No centralized security system Easy to implement Inefficient for more than 20 computers Convienent for small groups in close proximity Security must be configured manually Less expensive or free software, does not require a centralized server Increased training to educate users to use their computer as both a client and a server. Domain (Client/Server) Model The designation of one computer to centralize the administration of shared resources and security. It is generally recommended that a computer would be only used as either as a client or a server, but not both. For example, share files will be stored on the server. Windows NT/2K domain controllers, Active directory and Netware are examples of the client Server model. Client/Server or Domain Model Advantages Disadvantages Centralized resource sharing Significant administrative effort and overhead

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie e

Illusion vs. Reality in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses the roles of the members of the Wingfield family to highlight the controlling theme of illusion versus reality. The family as a whole is enveloped in mirage; the lives of the characters do not exist outside of their apartment and they have basically isolated themselves from the rest of the world. Even their apartment is a direct reflection of the past as stories are often recalled from the mother's teenage years at Blue Mountain, and a portrait of the man that previously left the family still hangs on the wall as if his existence is proven by the presence of the image. The most unusual factor of their world is that it appears as timeless. Amanda lives only in the past while Tom lives only in the future and Laura lives in her collection of glass animals, her favorite being the unicorn, which does not exist. Ordinary development and transformation cannot take place in a timeless atmosphere such as the apartment. T he whole family resists change and is unwilling to accept alteration. Not only is the entire family a representation of illusion versus reality, each of the characters uses fantasy as a means of escaping the severity of their own separate world of reality. Each has an individual fantasy world to which they retreat when the existing world is too much for them to handle. Each character has a different way of dealing with life when it seems to take control of them, and they all become so completely absorbed in these fantasies that they become stuck in the past. Amanda Wingfield (mother) is the most unrealistic of all the characters. She clings desperately to the past as she repeatedly relives the memories of receivin... ...Unicorn b. Jim 4. Laura's reaction to Jim's engagement 5. Laura's final plunge into illusion C. Tom 1. Tom's desperate desire to escape reality inside home 2. Complaints of job and mother 3. Discussion of outside world 4. Admiration for father 5. Tom's final attempt to escape reality 6. Truth of Tom's attachment to truth of reality D. Jim 1. Jim's understanding of reality versus illusion 2. Reflection of high school memories 3. Impact on Laura a. Convinces Laura to dance b. Kisses Laura 4. Breaks news of engagement to Laura 5. Impact on other Wingfield characters a. Amanda 1. Seen as tender and caring for the first time 2. Comforts Laura with dignity b. Tom 1. Decides to finally break away from reality of Wingfield home 2. Follows in father's footsteps III. Conclusion

The 3 Models of Criminal Justice

Compare the three models of the criminal justice process (the Wedding Cake, the Funnel and the Net Models) The criminal justice process is very complex process and varies from state to state. Three models of the criminal justice process as discussed and reviewed in chapter 9 of out textbook are the funnel, wedding and net. (Meyer, Grant 2003) In this essay I will compare these three models of the criminal justice process and give my opinion on which model I think best describes the criminal justice system as it is today.I will also give you a rationale for the choice that I choose. The first model I will discuss is the funnel model. This model looks at how decisions are made at each level in the criminal justice process and sort out those people and cases that it feels should not go through the entire process from those whom it feels should. This process is used as a means of limiting the number cases to a small percentage of cases that have to be resolved by trial advocacy and incar ceration. The process limits the amount of offenders in court and incarcerated at any given time.The benefit of this model is it prevents the criminal justice system from becoming backed up. The truth is the criminal Justice system is already backed up, and crimes are increasing on a daily basis. A common misconception of the funnel process is that it â€Å"lets criminals off,† however this is not true. Most cases are often dismissed or pleas are bargained due to lack of evidence. The truth is that there is not enough money, to prosecute every crime. It is up to the State (States attorney), or The Attorney general which crimes are worth prosecuting, and which one’s need to be thrown out, or plea bargained.The Next model that I will discuss is the wedding cake model; it is referred to as a wedding cake because with this model criminal justice officials decide how to deal with cases according to their informal discretionary definition of â€Å"seriousness. † This model was developed by Samuel Walker, a scholar who analyzed the judicial system. This model divides the criminal justice system up into four different categories: celebrated cases, serious felonies, lesser felonies and misdemeanors this model looks at the seriousness of the charge, the past criminal record of the offender, as well as the relationship of the victim to the offender. At the very top of the cake, the smallest layer represents famous (or rather, infamous) cases that attract a lot of publicity and, unfortunately, often contribute to public misinformation about the criminal justice. † (Meyer, Grant 2003) Lastly I will discuss the nets model. This model allows some offenders to exit the system and go free at certain stages during the criminal justice process; whereas some criminal struggle unsuccessfully to get free and often end up further entangle in the system.This model is designed to give the police desecration to use some criminals as informants to assist them in catching the ring leader. This model is also used as a plea bargaining tool whereas defendants with little information to trade with the prosecutor may get less attractive plea deals than their accomplices in crime that have more knowledge with which to bargain ((Meyer, Grant 2003). This model has become more familiar to me as I was growing up, in Chicago, IL. I knew several guys who would go out and commit crimes together, and brag about it.They would eventually get caught, and end up telling on each other to get lesser time. They also tell about other crimes, to save their skins. I guess it’s a great model to use to get the big guy, or big fish, but I do not agree to turn a blind eye to crime, whether it’s small or big. In my opinion the model I think best describes today’s criminal justice system is the wedding cake model. Much like this model in today’s criminal justice system is broken down into layers. With the first being celebrated cases or cas e that receive much media attention.Than in today’s system we look serious felonies these are cases where bail maybe revoked. The third layer of the cake in this model is lesser felonies’ often in these cases pleas are taken. The final layer is misdemeanor cases. This model gives us a basic understanding of cases is categorized today. Reference The Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. com The Courts in Our CriminalJustice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant.Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc Reference the Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. comThe Courts in Our Criminal Justice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Courts in Ou r Criminal Justice System, by Jon’s F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Literary Theory and Criticism: Investigating Literature and Literary Study

Literary surmisal, literary lit crit Methods of canvas publications argon defined and described. A section on definitions and distinctions investigates literature and literary study literary supposition and literary review article. First of each it is necessary for us to know the definition of literary theory, and literary review article. Nevertheless, the distinctions betwixt literary theory, criticism, and history are the near important Literary theory is the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like. The theory of literature investigates the habitual laws of the structure and development of literature.The history of literature studies the literary past as a process or one of the stages of this process. On the other side, literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and definition of literature. Modern literary criticism is ofttimes informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. It is als o concerned with the most recent, the present state of literature. Literary criticism is always interested in evaluating a literary work. But even though, these ii are closely related, literary critics harbourt always been theorists.Some critics consider literary criticism a practical lotion of literary theory, because criticism always deals instantly with particular literary works, while theory whitethorn be more general or abstract. Even though literary theory and literary criticism may be defined distinctly, they are not completely separated. It seems best to draw management to these distinctions by describing as literary theory the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like, and by differentiating studies of concrete works of art as either literary criticism (primarily static in approach) or literary history.Of course, literary criticism is frequently utilise in much(prenominal) a way as to acknowledge all literary theory besides suc h usage ignores a serviceable distinction. Literary works which welcome been evaluated as important can than be used to draw general conclusions on a genre. This is the case with Aristotles Poetics. The close parity between literary theory and criticism and the other humanities was formerly reflected in the concept of linguistics as a synthesizing branch of learning, studying culture in all its written manifestations, including literary works.In the mid-20th vitamin C the concept of philology suggests the affinity between literary theory and criticism and philology in the strict sense philology denotes textual criticism. Even after these perspicuous differences, complete separation is impossible, it is inconceivable to have literary theory without criticism or history, or criticism without theory and history, or history without theory and criticism. Its all connected. Aida Belovodjanin